PORCINE NOROVIRUS
LEVELS: No evidence of transmission;No evidence of transmission;Some bypass of biosecurity;Difficult: poor recognition and diagnostics;Limited losses (few pigs);Little market disruption;Low resistance risk;Minimal: Rare or short-course individual treatments;No effective treatments;No effective vaccine or bacterin available;Extremely difficult and with uncertain success rate
OVERVIEW
Porcine noroviruses are genetically diverse caliciviruses that are widely distributed in swine populations worldwide. In contrast to human noroviruses, porcine noroviruses are typically subclinical in pigs and have an unclear role in naturally occurring disease. Their primary significance lies in theoretical public-health interest rather than production impact.
FOODBORNE ZOONOTIC TRANSMISSION POTENTIAL
Level: No evidence of transmission
There is no evidence that porcine noroviruses are transmitted to humans through pork or pork products.
NON-FOODBORNE ZOONOTIC TRANSMISSION POTENTIAL
Level: No evidence of transmission
Although genetic and antigenic similarities to human noroviruses raise theoretical concerns, there is no evidence of routine or efficient transmission from pigs to humans.
DISEASE SPREAD BEYOND FARM BIOSECURITY CONTROL
Level: Some bypass of biosecurity
Transmission is presumed fecal–oral with environmental persistence. Wildlife reservoirs exist, but pig-to-pig transmission remains dominant.
DIFFICULTY OF DETECTING AND CONFIRMING INFECTION
Level: Difficult: poor recognition and diagnostics
No validated diagnostic tests are available outside research laboratories. Detection relies on RT-PCR methods with uncertain sensitivity and limited routine use.
FINANCIAL IMPACT ON COST OF PRODUCTION
Level: Limited losses (few pigs)
Most infections are subclinical or associated with mild diarrhea. There is no evidence of sustained or large-scale production losses.
EFFECT ON DOMESTIC OR EXPORT MARKETS
Level: Little market disruption
Porcine noroviruses are not regulated and have no known market or trade impacts.
PATHOGEN'S ABILITY TO DEVELOP AND SPREAD RESISTANCE
Level: Low resistance risk
Viral pathogen with no AMR relevance.
AMR DEVELOPMENT DRIVEN BY DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Level: Minimal: Rare or short-course individual treatments
Disease does not drive antimicrobial use.
AVAILABILITY OF EFFECTIVE TREATMENT OPTIONS
Level: No effective treatments
No specific treatments are available or required.
AVAILABILITY OF EFFECTIVE VACCINES OR BACTERINS
Level: No effective vaccine or bacterin available
No vaccines exist, and vaccine development has not been prioritised.
CAN THIS DISEASE BE ERADICATED FROM THE US?
Level: Extremely difficult and with uncertain success rate
Widespread, subclinical infection and environmental persistence make eradication impractical.