CDMA Disease Briefs
Overview
This reference site contains disease briefs for pig diseases prioritized through a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) process. Each disease has been systematically evaluated across 11 criteria to support research and investment decision-making.
Current Status: 96 diseases assessed (39 viruses, 45 bacteria, 12 parasites)
Disease Briefs
Click on any disease below to view its full assessment:
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)
Major bacterial respiratory pathogen causing fibrinohemorrhagic pleuropneumonia; 19 serotypes with varying virulence; significant economic losses worldwide; vaccines available but serotype-specific.
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Actinobacillus suis
Ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen causing septicemia and pleuropneumonia; colonizes 94% of herds; clinical disease mainly in high-health or naive populations.
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Actinobaculum suis (Cystitis/Pyelonephritis)
Venereal pathogen causing ascending urinary tract disease in sows; carried by boars in preputial diverticulum; most cases 1-3 weeks post-mating; preventable with AI; renal failure in severe cases.
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African Swine Fever (ASF)
A highly consequential viral disease with severe hemorrhagic presentation and major transboundary implications.
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Ascaris suum (Large Roundworm)
Most cosmopolitan swine parasite worldwide; persists despite modern production; hepatopulmonary larval migration causes "milk spots" and respiratory disease; adults reduce growth and feed efficiency; zoonotic potential; eggs survive years in environment.
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Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
Rare in swine; pigs relatively resistant; Tier 1 select agent; spores persist 50+ years; ZOONOTIC (foodborne and contact); pharyngeal form most common; proper carcass disposal critical.
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Bordetella bronchiseptica
Ubiquitous respiratory pathogen causing nonprogressive atrophic rhinitis and bronchopneumonia; predisposes to PAR with P. multocida; enhances S. suis and G. parasuis colonization; interacts with PRRSV and IAV.
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Brachyspira hampsonii
Emerging strongly hemolytic agent of swine dysentery; most common SD cause in Canada; waterfowl serve as significant reservoir; more antimicrobial susceptible than B. hyodysenteriae.
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Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (Swine Dysentery)
Primary agent of swine dysentery causing severe mucohemorrhagic colitis; up to 30% mortality in outbreaks; multidrug resistance increasingly common; herd eradication possible but challenging.
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Brachyspira pilosicoli (PIS/PCS)
Weakly hemolytic spirochete causing porcine intestinal spirochetosis; milder than SD; zoonotic potential with human cases documented; characteristic "false brush border" attachment pattern.
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Brucella suis (Swine Brucellosis)
Major zoonotic pathogen causing reproductive losses; world's most common bacterial zoonosis; feral swine serve as wildlife reservoir; test-and-slaughter control; no effective swine vaccine available.
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Burkholderia pseudomallei (Melioidosis)
Tier 1 select agent; tropical/subtropical environmental saprophyte; ZOONOTIC (foodborne and environmental); abscesses in multiple organs; limited antimicrobial options; no vaccine available.
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Border Disease Virus (BDV) in Swine
Ovine pestivirus causing cross-species reproductive losses through in utero infection; not feasible to eradicate due to sheep reservoir.
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Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) in Swine
Cattle pestivirus causing reproductive losses and complicating CSF control through serological cross-reactions.
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Bungowannah Virus
Novel Australian pestivirus causing porcine myocarditis syndrome; successfully eradicated from index farms in 2022.
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Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV)
WOAH-listed highly contagious disease; US free; responsible for catastrophic European outbreaks including 11 million pigs destroyed in 1997-1998 Netherlands epidemic.
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Clostridial Gas Gangrene
Sporadic histotoxic infection caused by C. septicum, C. perfringens type A, C. novyi, C. chauvoei, or P. sordellii; associated with wound contamination especially injection sites; rapidly fatal; preventable through sanitation and vaccination.
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Clostridioides difficile
Causes necrotizing enterotyphlocolitis in 1-7 day old piglets; NOT antibiotic-associated in swine; ribotype 078 shared with human cases but direct transmission unconfirmed; no vaccine available.
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Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)
Rare in swine; progressive flaccid paralysis from preformed neurotoxin; pigs among least susceptible species; associated with contaminated feed sources; no practical vaccination.
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Clostridium perfringens Type C
Fatal necrohemorrhagic enteritis in neonatal piglets; beta toxin is main virulence factor; up to 100% mortality in litters from non-immune gilts; highly effective toxoid vaccines available.
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Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)
Tetanus causing uncontrollable muscle spasms; associated with castration, tail docking, umbilical infection; poor prognosis once clinical; highly effective toxoid vaccines available for prevention.
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Cryptosporidium spp. (Porcine Cryptosporidiosis)
Protozoan parasites infecting GI epithelium; porcine-specific species (Cr. suis, Cr. scrofarum) cause minimal disease; Cr. parvum uncommon but more pathogenic; limited zoonotic risk from pigs; no effective treatment; oocysts highly resistant.
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Cystoisospora suis (Neonatal Coccidiosis)
Most important protozoal disease of swine; yellowish diarrhea in nursing pigs 7-14 days old; high morbidity, moderate mortality; toltrazuril at day 3 effective; farrowing environment is source, not sows.
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Demodex phylloides (Demodectic Mange)
Follicular mite considered normal skin flora; subclinical carriage common; clinical demodicosis rare with nodular skin lesions; no successful treatment reported in swine; culling recommended for severe cases.
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Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV)
Mosquito-borne alphavirus causing fatal encephalitis in nursing piglets; zoonotic; endemic in eastern North America; vaccines available for horses but not specifically for swine.
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E. coli - Coliform Mastitis
Non-contagious mastitis in sows within 12-48 hours postpartum; E. coli is the most important causative agent; main clinical sign of postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PPDS); self-limiting disease lasting 2-3 days; primary impact is piglet mortality from reduced milk.
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E. coli - Urinary Tract Infection
Non-contagious ascending infection of endogenous origin; E. coli associated with 50-80% of cases; prevalence 15.8-58% in sows; most cases subclinical; associated with smaller litters and reduced fertility; pyelonephritis may cause death or early culling.
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Edema Disease E. coli (EDEC)
F18 fimbrial strains producing Stx2e causing degenerative angiopathy; affects weaned pigs; 50-90% case fatality; neurological signs, subcutaneous edema; commercial Stx2e toxoid vaccines available; treatment largely ineffective once clinical signs appear.
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Encephalomyocarditis Virus (EMCV)
Rodent-borne cardiovirus causing acute myocarditis and sudden death in young pigs; reproductive failure in sows.
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Enterococcus spp. (Neonatal Diarrhea)
Emerging cause of neonatal diarrhea (2-20 days); primarily E. hirae, E. durans, E. villorum; enteroadherent bacteria on villus epithelium; commensal opportunist; AMR reservoir.
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Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (Swine Erysipelas)
Ubiquitous gram-positive rod causing acute septicemia with "diamond skin" lesions, chronic arthritis, and endocarditis; ZOONOTIC (occupational "erysipeloid"); 30-50% healthy pigs are carriers; highly effective vaccines and penicillin treatment available.
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ETEC - Neonatal Colibacillosis
F4, F5, F6, F41 fimbrial strains causing diarrhea in piglets 0-4 days old; 30-40% morbidity (up to 80%); 70% mortality in affected litters; maternal vaccination with fimbrial antigen vaccines highly effective; high rates of antimicrobial resistance.
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ETEC - Postweaning Diarrhea
F4 and F18 fimbrial strains causing diarrhea in first 2 weeks post-weaning; mortality 1.5-2% (up to 25%); $179/sow estimated cost; oral live F4/F18 vaccines available; ZnO banned in EU; extensive multidrug resistance including to critically important antimicrobials.
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ExPEC - Septicemia
Heterogeneous extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli causing sporadic septicemia in neonatal piglets lacking colostral immunity; may cause polyserositis, meningitis, arthritis; no commercial vaccines available; colostrum management is key prevention.
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Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV)
WOAH-listed foreign animal disease; most trade-restrictive livestock disease globally; US free since 1929; pigs aerosolize massive viral loads.
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Glaesserella parasuis (Glässer's Disease)
Gram-negative bacterium causing fibrinous polyserositis, polyarthritis, and meningitis; ubiquitous upper respiratory commensal; 15 serovars with variable virulence; 5-10% morbidity/mortality typical; commercial bacterins provide limited cross-protection; autogenous vaccines often needed; increasing antimicrobial resistance.
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Haematopinus suis (Pig Louse)
Only louse species affecting swine; blood-feeding ectoparasite causing anemia in young pigs; strictly host-specific with no zoonotic risk; entire life cycle on pig; easily diagnosed visually; multiple effective treatments; eradication achievable.
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Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)
Zoonotic virus endemic in pigs worldwide; primarily subclinical in swine; major foodborne pathogen for humans, especially immunocompromised.
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Influenza A Virus in Swine (IAV-S)
Endemic respiratory disease causing coughing, fever, and reduced growth; ZOONOTIC with bidirectional human-swine transmission; H1N1, H1N2, H3N2 subtypes circulate; reassortment generates novel strains.
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Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)
Mosquito-borne flavivirus causing reproductive losses and encephalitis; MAJOR ZOONOSIS in Asia (50,000 human cases/yr); pigs serve as amplifying hosts; vaccination used in endemic regions.
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Klebsiella pneumoniae (Neonatal Septicemia)
Emerging cause of septicemia outbreaks in preweaning piglets; ST25 hypervirulent clone; UK/Australian outbreaks since 2011; mortality usually <5% but up to 100%; AMR gene reservoir concern.
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Lawsonia intracellularis (Proliferative Enteropathy)
Obligate intracellular bacterium causing proliferative enteropathy (ileitis); porcine intestinal adenomatosis in growers, proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy in finishers; 96% herd prevalence; oral live and injectable bacterin vaccines available.
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Leptospira species (Leptospirosis)
Spirochetes causing reproductive losses; multiple serovars with different maintenance hosts; L. interrogans sv Pomona most pathogenic in North America; renal carrier state; ZOONOTIC; bacterin vaccines serovar-specific.
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Listeria monocytogenes
Rare clinical disease in swine; MAJOR FOODBORNE ZOONOSIS (30% raw pork contaminated); causes septicemia, meningitis, abortion; ubiquitous environmental pathogen; emerging multidrug resistance in slaughter isolates.
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La Piedad Michoacán Paramyxovirus (LPMV)
Rubulavirus endemic in Mexico causing "blue eye disease" with corneal opacity and reproductive losses; sporadic outbreaks.
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Menangle Virus
Australian paramyxovirus causing reproductive losses; bat reservoir; successfully controlled/eradicated.
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Metastrongylus spp. (Lungworms)
Lungworms in bronchi/bronchioles causing coughing and respiratory compromise; indirect life cycle requires earthworm intermediate hosts; primarily outdoor/pasture concern; confinement on concrete eliminates exposure; multiple effective treatments.
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Mycobacterium avium complex (Swine Tuberculosis)
Environmental mycobacteria (primarily MAH) causing granulomatous lymphadenitis discovered at slaughter; organic bedding major risk factor; carcass condemnation losses; farm-level control achievable through management.
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Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Enzootic Pneumonia)
Most economically significant Mycoplasma; causes chronic enzootic pneumonia as primary pathogen; component of porcine respiratory disease complex; commercial vaccines widely used; elimination possible but challenging.
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Mycoplasma hyorhinis (Polyserositis/Arthritis)
Causes polyserositis, arthritis, and otitis media primarily in 3-10 week old pigs; commonly isolated from respiratory tract; pathogenicity enhanced by coinfections; autogenous bacterins used.
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Mycoplasma hyosynoviae (Arthritis)
Causes acute non-erosive arthritis in finishing pigs >10 weeks; tonsil colonization precedes systemic spread; triggered by stress; responds to early antimicrobial treatment; bacterins have limited efficacy.
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Mycoplasma suis (Infectious Anemia)
Hemotropic mycoplasma causing infectious anemia; previously Eperythrozoon suis; transmitted by blood contact including needles/fighting; acute hemolytic crisis or chronic ill-thrift; tetracyclines are treatment of choice; no vaccine.
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Nipah Virus
BSL-4 paramyxovirus; caused 1998-1999 Malaysian outbreak with human fatalities; bat reservoir; culling/depopulation only control; potential for human-to-human transmission.
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Oesophagostomum spp. (Nodular Worms)
Strongyloid nematodes of cecum/colon; larvae create intestinal nodules; adults cause minimal damage; direct life cycle; less prevalent indoors; multiple effective anthelmintics; eradication achievable.
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Pasteurella multocida - Progressive Atrophic Rhinitis (PAR)
Toxigenic strains (types A and D) producing PMT causing turbinate atrophy and snout deviation; economic losses $4-16/pig; maternal vaccination with PMT toxoid highly effective; predisposed by B. bronchiseptica.
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Pasteurella multocida - Pneumonic Pasteurellosis
Common secondary respiratory pathogen contributing to PRDC; usually capsular type A; suppurative bronchopneumonia; antimicrobial treatment effective; vaccines of uncertain efficacy.
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Pasteurella multocida - Septicemic Pasteurellosis
Rare acute septicemic form primarily in young pigs; type B causes hemorrhagic septicemia in endemic regions (not North America); rapid death without premonitory signs.
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Porcine Adenoviruses (PAdV)
Ubiquitous viruses generally causing subclinical infections; occasional encephalitis or enteric disease; most pigs seropositive; no intervention needed.
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Porcine Astrovirus
Enteric virus associated with diarrhea in young pigs; co-circulates with other enteric pathogens; high prevalence in farms worldwide.
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Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2)
One of the most economically significant swine viruses; causes PCV2-systemic disease (PCVD), reproductive losses, and PDNS; vaccination transformed from devastating to manageable disease.
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Porcine Cytomegalovirus (PCMV)
Betaherpesvirus causing rhinitis in neonates ("inclusion body rhinitis"); typically subclinical in older pigs; concern for xenotransplantation.
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Porcine Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV)
Emerging enteric coronavirus first detected US 2014; causes diarrhea and vomiting; lower mortality than PEDV; potential for zoonotic transmission.
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Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV)
Highly pathogenic enteric alphacoronavirus causing acute diarrhea and vomiting; up to 100% mortality in naive neonatal piglets; US epidemic 2013-2014 killed 8-10 million pigs; vaccines provide partial protection.
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Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus (pHEV)
Betacoronavirus causing vomiting/wasting disease and encephalomyelitis; primarily affects pigs <4 weeks; high mortality in outbreaks; endemic in most herds with passive immunity providing protection.
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Porcine Norovirus
Calicivirus associated with diarrhea in young pigs; human noroviruses can infect pigs experimentally.
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Porcine Parvovirus 1 (PPV1)
Classic cause of SMEDI syndrome (stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, infertility); ubiquitous; highly stable in environment; vaccination of gilts before breeding highly effective.
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Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)
One of the most economically significant swine diseases globally; causes reproductive failure in breeding herds and respiratory disease in growing pigs; high mutation rate limits vaccine efficacy; US losses estimated at $664 million annually.
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Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV)
TGEV deletion mutant with respiratory tropism; predominantly subclinical with efficient airborne spread over several kilometers.
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Porcine Rotaviruses (RVA, RVB, RVC, RVH)
Major cause of diarrhea in neonatal and young pigs; ubiquitous in pig populations; four species infect pigs; passive immunity from sows is primary protection; commercial vaccines for RVA only.
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Porcine Sapovirus
Common enteric calicivirus associated with mild, self-limiting diarrhea.
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Porcine Teschovirus (PTV)
Ubiquitous picornavirus; Teschen disease (WOAH-listed) caused by virulent PTV-1; most infections subclinical.
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Pseudorabies Virus (PRV)
Alphaherpesvirus causing Aujeszky's disease; US achieved eradication in commercial swine 2004; feral swine remain reservoir.
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Rabies Virus (RABV)
Acute fatal encephalomyelitis caused by lyssavirus; extremely infrequent in swine (~1 US case/year); no licensed swine vaccines; wildlife reservoirs make eradication impossible.
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Reston Virus (RESTV)
Only filovirus with pig tropism; documented natural infection in Philippines/China; asymptomatic in humans despite Ebola-like classification.
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Saint Valerien Calicivirus (Valovirus)
Recently described calicivirus with unknown clinical significance.
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Salmonella Choleraesuis (Septicemic Salmonellosis)
Host-adapted serovar causing septicemia; cyanosis, hepatic paratyphoid nodules, interstitial pneumonia; high case fatality; SC-54 vaccine credited with major reduction in occurrence; ZOONOTIC.
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Salmonella Typhimurium / S. I 4,[5],12:i:- (Enteric Salmonellosis)
Generalist serovars causing enterocolitis; S. I 4,[5],12:i:- now most common in US pigs; MAJOR FOODBORNE ZOONOSIS (1.35M human cases/yr US); MDR emerging; 16 of top 20 human serovars found in swine.
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Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis (Sarcoptic Mange)
Most important ectoparasite worldwide; burrowing mite causing pruritus and reduced growth (4.5-12%); two forms: hyperkeratotic (sows) and hypersensitive (growers); highly effective acaricides available; eradication achieved in many modern systems.
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Seneca Valley Virus (SVV)
Emerging picornavirus causing vesicular disease indistinguishable from FMD; epidemic transient neonatal losses (ETNL) in piglets.
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Staphylococcus aureus (Abscesses/MRSA)
Sporadic abscesses, septicemia, mastitis; LA-MRSA reservoir (ST398, ST9, ST5); ZOONOTIC - occupational colonization risk; livestock-adapted strains less virulent for humans.
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Staphylococcus hyicus (Exudative Epidermitis)
"Greasy pig disease"; exfoliative toxins target desmoglein; most severe in pigs 3-32 days; thick brown crusts, dehydration, death; normal flora in endemic herds; autogenous vaccines effective; rare ZOONOTIC.
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Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (Neonatal Arthritis)
Beta-hemolytic streptococcus (Lancefield C, G, L); arthritis/septicemia in 1-3 week pigs; normal flora; sow-to-piglet transmission; autogenous vaccines reduce incidence.
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Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (Septicemia)
EMERGING high-mortality septicemia (50-90% mortality); ST194 emerged in North America 2019; sows and feeder pigs; bacterins ineffective; depopulation used with 25% failure rate.
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Streptococcus suis
MOST IMPORTANT streptococcal swine pathogen; meningitis, septicemia, arthritis; serotype 2 predominates globally; MAJOR ZOONOSIS (foodborne in SE Asia, occupational worldwide); hearing loss in humans; 0.60-1.30€/pig cost.
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Strongyloides ransomi (Threadworm)
Minute nematode pathogenic in suckling pigs; unique transcolostral transmission via hypobiotic larvae in sow mammary tissue; hemorrhagic diarrhea in heavy infections; tropical/subtropical importance; sow treatment pre-farrowing prevents transmission.
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Swine Vesicular Disease Virus (SVDV)
Enterovirus causing vesicular disease; removed from WOAH list 2015; Europe free; never detected in Americas.
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Swinepox Virus (SWPV)
Sporadic poxvirus skin disease; swine-only host range; not zoonotic; associated with poor sanitation and louse infestations; self-limiting; no vaccine available.
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Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)
Major zoonotic protozoan; pork considered important source of human infection; usually subclinical in pigs but tissue cysts persist for years; cats shed oocysts; causes congenital disease in humans; no vaccine; control via cat exclusion and rodent control.
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Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV)
Enteric alphacoronavirus causing severe diarrhea and high neonatal mortality; clinical impact reduced since 1980s by PRCV cross-protection.
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Trichinella spiralis (Trichinellosis)
Zoonotic nematode; larvae encyst in muscle ("nurse cells"); major public health concern; subclinical in pigs; dramatically reduced in commercial pork through garbage feeding prohibition and confinement; persists in wildlife and outdoor pigs.
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Trichuris suis (Whipworm)
Cecal/colonic whipworm persisting in confinement; histotrophic larvae cause hemorrhagic colitis mimicking swine dysentery; 6-7 week prepatent period complicates diagnosis; fenbendazole most effective treatment; eggs survive years.
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Trueperella pyogenes (Suppurative Infections)
Major cause of purulent abscesses in swine; normal skin/mucosal flora; opportunistic infection following wounds; slaughter trim/condemnation losses; rare ZOONOTIC; rising MICs to multiple drug classes.
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Vesicular Exanthema of Swine Virus (VESV)
Eradicated vesicular disease clinically indistinguishable from FMD, with marine reservoir risk.
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Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV)
Vesicular disease indistinguishable from FMD; endemic in Americas; insect vector transmission; zoonotic; no US swine cases since 1968; no licensed vaccines in North America.
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West Nile Virus (WNV)
Mosquito-borne flavivirus endemic in US; pigs susceptible but subclinical; minimal swine health significance.
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Yersinia enterocolitica (Foodborne Zoonosis)
Swine are asymptomatic carriers (NO clinical disease); MAJOR FOODBORNE ZOONOSIS - 3rd-4th most common in EU; 75% human cases from pork; pure food safety concern with no on-farm control measures.
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Evaluation Criteria
Each disease is evaluated across 11 standardized criteria:
- Foodborne Zoonotic Transmission Potential
- Non-Foodborne Zoonotic Transmission Potential
- Effectiveness of On-Farm Biosecurity in Preventing Farm-to-Farm Transmission
- Difficulty of Detecting and Confirming Infection
- Financial Impact on Farm's Cost of Production
- Effect on Domestic or Export Markets
- Pathogen's Ability to Develop and Spread Resistance
- AMR Development Driven by Disease Management
- Availability of Effective Treatment Options
- Availability of Effective Vaccines or Bacterins
- Feasibility of Eradicating the Disease from the US
For detailed criteria definitions, see Criteria & Levels.
Purpose
This MCDA framework supports systematic prioritization of pig diseases for research investment by providing:
- Transparent evaluation across standardized criteria
- Consistent scoring using defined level scales
- Evidence-based justifications for each assessment
- Comparable profiles across diverse disease threats
Using This Resource
- Committee members: Review disease briefs before scoring sessions
- Researchers: Access standardized disease profiles and evidence summaries
- Decision makers: Compare diseases systematically using MCDA outputs
For background on the MCDA approach and scope, see Definitions & Scope.